Journal Reference

Abdolmohammadi, P. and Cama, G. (2015). ‘Iran as a Peculiar Hybrid Regime: Structure and Dynamics of the Islamic Republic’, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 42(2), 558-578.

Adeney, K. (2017). ‘How to Understand Pakistan’s Hybrid Regime: The Importance of a Multidimensional Continuum’, Democratization, 24(1), 119-137.

Ahmad, T. (2020). Pakistan: Federal Government Issues and Controversial Rules on Social Media Content. Global Legal Monitor. https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/pakistan-federal-government-issues-controversial-rules-on-social-media-content/

Albrecht, H. (2013). Raging Against the Machine: Political Opposition under Authoritarianism in Egypt. New York: Syracuse University Press.

Amin, H., Qurban, S., and Siddiqa, M. (2020). ‘The Impact of Abusive Constitutionalism on Democracy in Pakistan’, Global Political Review, 5(1), 46-54.

Amnesty International (2018). Egypt: Unprecedented crackdown on freedom of expression under Al-Sisi turns Egypt into an open-air prison. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/09/egypt-unprecedented-crackdown-on-freedom-of-expression-under-alsisi-turns-egypt-into-openair-prison/

Arafat, A. A-D. (2018). Egypt in Crisis: The Fall of Islamism and Prospects of Democratization. Palgrave-MacMillan.

Aspinall, E. (2015). ‘The Surprising Democratic Behemoth: Indonesia in Comparative Asian Perspective’, Journal of Asian Studies, 74(4), 889-902.

Aspinall, E. and Berenschot, W. (2019). Democracy for Sale: Elections, Clientelism, and the State in Indonesia. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.

Aspinall, E. and Mietzner, M. (2019). ‘Indonesia’s Democratic Paradox: Competitive Elections amidst Rising Illiberalism’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 55(3), 295-317.

Aziz, S. F. (2017). ‘Military electoral authoritarianism in Egypt’, Election Law Journal, 16(2), 280–295.

Blaydes, L. (2008). Authoritarian Elections and Elite Management: Theory and Evidence from Egypt. The Princeton University. https://www.princeton.edu/~piirs/Dictatorships042508/Blaydes.pdf

Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ). (2020). Journalists Attacked in Pakistan since 1992. https://cpj.org/blog/asia/pakistan/

Diamond, L. (2002). ‘Thinking About Hybrid Regimes’, Journal of Democracy, 13(2), 21-35.

Diprose, R., Dave, M., and Hadiz, V. R. (2019). ‘Two Decades of Reformasi in Indonesia: Its Illiberal Turn’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, 49(5), 691-712.

Doorenspleet, R. (2000). ‘Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratizaton’, World Politics, 52 (3), 384-406.

Freedom House (2020a). Freedom in the World Research Methodology. https://freedomhouse.org/reports/freedom-world/freedom-world-research-methodology

Freedom House. (2020b). Freedom in the World 2020: Iran. https://freedomhouse.org/country/iran/freedom-world/2020

Ganguly, S. and Fair, C. C. (2013). ‘The Structural Origins of Authoritarianism in Pakistan’, Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 51(1), 122-142.

Ghanem, H. (2016). Egypt’s Difficult Transition: Options for International Community. The Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Chapter-One-29.pdf

Ghobadzadeh, N. and Rahim, L. Z. (2016). ‘Electoral Theocracy and Hybrid Sovereignty in Iran’, Contemporary Politics, 22(4), 450-468.

Gilbert, L. and Mohseni, P. (2011). ‘Beyond Authoritarianism: The Conceptualization of Hybrid Regimes’, Studies in Comparative International Development, 46, 270-297.

Human Rights Watch (2018). Egypt: Arrests escalate ahead of unfair elections. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/26/egypt-arrests-escalate-ahead-unfair-elections

Levitsky, S. and Way, L. A. (2002). ‘The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism’, Journal of Democracy, 13(2), 51-65.

Luhrmann, A. and Lindberg, S. I. (2019). ‘A Third Wave of Autocratization Is Here: What Is New About It?’, Democratization, 26(7), 1095-1113.

Menchik, J. (2019). ‘Moderate Muslims and Democratic Breakdown in Indonesia’, Asian Studies Review, 43(3), 1-19.

Mietzner, M. (2019). ‘Authoritarian Innovations in Indonesia: Electoral Narrowing, Identity Politics, Executive Illiberalism’, Democratization, 27(6), 1-16.

Milani, A. (2015). ‘The Authoritarian Resurgence: Iran’s Paradoxical Regime’, Journal of Democracy, 26(2), 52-60.

Muhtadi, B. (2020). Populism, Islamism, and Democratic Decline in Indonesia. Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/publications/populism-islamism-and-democratic-decline-indonesia

Mujani, S. and Liddle, R. W. (2021). ‘Indonesia: Jokowi Sidelines Democracy’, Journal of Democracy, 32(4), 72-86.

Nejad, A. F. (2020). The Islamic Republic of Iran Four Decades on: The 2017/18 Protests Amid a Triple Crisis. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution.

Parsa, M. (2020). ‘Authoritarian Survival: Iran’s Republic of Repression’, Journal of Democracy, 31(3), 54-68.

Power, T. P. (2018). ‘Jokowi’s Authoritarian Turn and Indonesia’s Democratic Decline’, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 54(3), 307-338.

Resta, V. (2019). ‘The Effect of Electoral Autocracy in Egypt’s Failed Transition: A Party Politics Perspective’, Italian Political Science Review, 49, 157-173.

Reporters Without Borders (RSF). (2020). Pakistan: Under Military Establishment’s Thumb. https://rsf.org/en/pakistan

Samad, Y. (2017). ‘Elections and Democratic Transition in Pakistan: One Step Forward and Two Steps Backward’, Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 55(4), 509-530.

Selvik, K. (2018). ‘Autocratic Legitimization in Iran: Ali Khamenei’s Discourse on Regime ‘Insiders’ and ‘Outsiders’’, Democratization, 25(7), 1114-1131.

Shahbaz, A. and Funk, A. (2019). Freedom on the Net: The Crisis of Social Media. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2019-11/11042019_Report_FH_FOTN_2019_final_Public_Download.pdf

Shah, A. (2019). ‘Pakistan: Voting Under Military Tutelage’, Journal of Democracy, 30(1), 128-142.

Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) (2022). ‘Democracy Report 2022: Autocratization Changing Nature?’, The V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg. https://jgsd.cgs-bd.com/Journal/Guidelines/AuthorGuidelines

Vatanka, A. (2015). ‘The Authoritarian Resurgence: Iran Abroad’, Journal of Democracy, 26(2), 61-70.

World Justice Project (WJP) (2020). Behind the Numbers. https://worldjusticeproject.org/our-work/research-and-data/wjp-rule-law-index-2020

Zaidi, S. A. (2018). ‘The End of Democracy or a New Resurgence in Pakistan?’, Economic and Political Weekly, 53(24), 18-20.

Zohny, A. Y. (2018). ‘The Balancing Act in a Military-Dominated Transition to Democracy in Egypt After the Arab Spring’, Digest of Middle East Studies, 28(1), 89-106.