Journal Reference

Abdullah, T. (2015). DalbajirSangbadikota [Partisan Journalism]. ShrabanPrakashani.

Adhikary, T. S. (2025). Allegiance shifts, so do faces at the helm. The Daily Star, 31 January. https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/allegiance-shifts-so-do-faces-the-helm-3812576

Ahmed, A. T. (2020). Factors that push Bangladeshi media to exercise self-censorship (Publication No. 2445). Master’s thesis, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee]. UWM Digital Commons. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/2445

Ain o Salish Kendra. (2024). Journalist Harassment. https://www.askbd.org/ask/statistics-on-human-rights-violations/

BBC. (2007). Bangladesh news channel off air. BBC News, 6 September. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6982409.stm

Becker, L. B., Vlad, T., & Nusser, N. (2007). An evaluation of press freedom indicators. International Communication Gazette, 69(1), 5-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048507072774

Bergman, D. (2015). Bangladeshi spies accused of blocking media adverts. Al Jazeera, 7 October. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2015/10/7/bangladeshi-spies-accused-of-blocking-media-adverts

Bergman, D. (2016). Media watch: In Bangladesh too, the government is making a concerted effort to stifle dissent. Scroll.in, 16 February. https://scroll.in/article/803947/media-watch-in-bangladesh-too-the-government-is-making-a-concerted-effort-to-stifle-dissent

Brüggemann, M., Engesser, S., Büchel, F., Humprecht, E., & Castro, L. (2014). Hallin and Mancini revisited: Four empirical types of western media systems. Journal of Communication, 64(6), 1037–1065. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12127

Chomsky, N. (1991). Media Control: The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda. Seven Stories Press.

Daily Star (2021). DSA was misused. The Daily Star, 30 December. https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/dsa-was-misused-2928321

Front Line Defenders.

Fuchs, C.

Greenslade, R. (2010, June 3). Bangladesh newspaper closed down. The Guardian, 3 June. https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2010/jun/03/press-freedom-bangladesh

Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems. In Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics(pp. 21–46). Cambridge University Press. https://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/35350/sample/9780521835350ws.pdf

Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P.

Haque, E.

International Crisis Group.

Islam, M. A., & Rahman, M. M.(2021). A conceptual analysis and understanding of press freedom from Bangladesh perspective. Global Media Journal, 11, 1–12.

Labio-Bernal, A., Rubira-García, R., &Pocevicienė, R. (2024). Comparing media systems: A new critical academic reading. Media and Communication, 12. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.8357

Lohani, N. (2023, September 15). DSA has a new name: CSA. The Business Standard. https://www.tbsnews.net/features/panorama/dsa-has-new-name-csa-700830

Mohaiemen, N.

Mostofa, A.

Nord, M., Lundstedt, M., & Lindberg, S. I.(2024). Media freedom, democracy, and security: Research report. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/3/0/572878_1.pdf

Picard, R. G. (1985). The press and the decline of democracy: The democratic socialist response in public policy. Greenwood Press.

Price, M. E. (2002). Media and sovereignty: The global information revolution and its challenge to state power. MIT Press.

Price, M. E., Rozumilowicz, B., & Verhulst, S. (2002). Media reform: Democratizing the media, democratizing the state. Routledge.

Rahman, M. A., & Rashid, H.-O. (2020). Digital Security Act and investigative journalism in Bangladesh: A critical analysis. CenRaPS Journal of Social Sciences, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.46291/cenraps.v2i2.32

Rahman, N.

Riaz, A., & Rahman, M. S. (2021). Who owns the media in Bangladesh? (pp. 1–64). Centre for Governance Studies.

Reporter.

Rahman, S.

Sabera, T.

Sarkar, B. Q., & Mehjabin, S. S. (2022). Colonial laws and journalistic expressions in Bangladesh: The case of Rozina Islam. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Freedom of Expression in Asia (p. 43). Asia Centre. https://asiacentre.org/wp-content/uploads/Asia-Centre-7th-International-Conference_Conference-Proceedings.pdf

Schneider, L.

Siebert, F. S. (1963). The authoritarian theory of the press. In Four theories of the Press: The Authoritarian, Libertarian, Social Responsibility, and Soviet Communist Concepts of What the Press Should Be and Do(pp. 9–38). University of Illinois Press. Retrieved January 2, 2025.

Staff Correspondent.

Star Digital Report.

TBS Report.

Tribune Desk.

TIB (2023). Digital Security Act 2018 and the draft Cyber Security Act 2023: A comparative analysis.Transparency International Bangladesh (TIB). https://ti-bangladesh.org/upload/files/position-paper/2023/Position-paper-on-Digital-Security-Act-2018-and-Draft-Cyber-Security-Act-2023.pdf